The Konbaung Dynasty, established in the eighteenth century, marked the last pre-colonial
royal dynasty of Myanmar. Under rulers such as King Alaungpaya and King Bodawpaya, the kingdom expanded through military campaigns and administrative reforms. However, expansion also brought conflict with neighboring powers, particularly the British Empire, which was consolidating its control over India. Three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the nineteenth century resulted in the gradual annexation of Myanmar by Britain. By 1886, the country had become a province of British India.Colonial rule transformed Myanmar’s economy, society, and political structure. The British introduced new systems of administration, infrastructure, and commercial agriculture. Rice production expanded significantly, particularly in the Irrawaddy Delta, turning Myanmar into one of the world’s leading rice exporters. However, economic changes also brought social disruption. Land ownership patterns shifted, and many rural farmers fell into debt. Indian laborers migrated to urban centers and agricultural regions, contributing to ethnic tensions. Traditional monarchy and court institutions were dismantled, altering longstanding cultural frameworks.
Resistance to colonial rule emerged through nationalist movements and Buddhist revivalism. Monks played a key role in preserving cultural identity and mobilizing opposition. In the early twentieth century, students and intellectuals formed organizations advocating self-rule. During World War II, Myanmar became a battleground between Allied and Japanese forces. Nationalist leader Aung San initially cooperated with Japan to end British rule but later aligned with the Allies when Japanese promises of independence proved hollow. His leadership positioned him as a central figure in the independence movement. shutdown123